General Science

Chemical Reactions and Equations Chemical reactions cause change in identity and nature of substances. Indicators of a chemical reaction: Change in state, Change in color, Evolution of gas, Change in temperature etc. Types of Chemical Reactions Redox Reaction: 3Fe + 4H₂O → Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂ Combination Reaction – When two or more substances combine to

Matter, Atoms & Elements (Metals & Non-Metals) matter, which is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. Everything around us – air, water, food, stones, stars, plants – is considered matter. Modern science, however, classifies matter based on physical and chemical properties. Key Physical Properties: Matter is made up of particles, these particles

Waves and Sound Sound as a form of energy, requires a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) doesn’t travel in vacuum. transferring the disturbance through the medium in the form of a wave. There are two types of waves: Longitudinal waves: Particles oscillate parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound waves). Sound waves are mechanical longitudinal waves. Sound travels

Light, Mirror, Lenses and Human Eyes light travels in a straight line, and its interaction with objects creates shadows and images. It defines Pole (P): Midpoint of mirror surface Centre of Curvature (C): Centre of the sphere mirror Principal Axis: Line joining P and C Focus (F): Point where rays converge or appear to diverge

Motion, Force, and Gravitation Relate to Mass & Weight An object may appear to be at rest or in motion depending on the observer’s frame of reference. For example, passengers inside a moving bus see each other at rest, but an observer outside sees them in motion. Types of Motion : Straight-line motion Circular motion

Electricity and Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Electric Current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Electric current (I) is defined as the rate of flow of charge (Q) through a point in a circuit per unit time (t). I = Q / t. SI unit of Electric current (I) is Ampere (A)